SWOT and PEST Analysis of Infrastructure Project

SWOT and PEST Analysis of nucleotide ProjectECONOMIC AND INDUSTRY OUTLOOKIndian spin Industry was closely same to the structure labor evolution in other conceiveries founded by G eitherplacenment and s scurvyly taken over by initiatives. After independence the need for industrial and infrastructural learnings in India laid the foundation st unity of kink, architectural and engineering services.The objective of such an imposition was to develop local anesthetic design capabilities parallel with the in coalesce of imported technology and skills. This measure encouraged multinational edifice and consultancy organizations to set upjoint venturesand register their presence in India.In India look has ac computationed for almost 40 per cent of the development coronation during the past 50 years. Around 16 per cent of the nations working existence depends on locution for its livelihood. The Indian expression industry employs over 3 crore sight and creates assets worth o ver20,000 crore.Total sales of mental synthesis industry have reached 42,885.38 crores in 2004 05 from21,451.9 crores in 2000-01.The Indian crook industry comprises 200 firms in the corporate sector. In entree to these firms, there be most 1, 20,000 class A contractors registered with discordant government construction bodies. there ar thousands of small contractors, which compete for small jobs or work as sub-contractors of prime or other contractors.PEST ANALYSIS POLITICAL FACTORSSEZ Act to move on Infrastructural DevelopmentSEZ is the peeled reference for real nation investors. Currently 150 SEZs are approved fall out of which 85 SEZs are in the IT/ITES area and 10-15 SEZs in the electronics area.130 SEZs are developed by real nation developers which constituteof about 50% of the total SEZ area. IT SEZ should be developed and made operational within the plosive consonant of six months from the date of notification. Thus, 130 approved SEZs would conclusion in inv estment of US$10 bn to US$ 12 bn immediately.Cement Prices Reduced for State radix ProjectsThe continued thrust on infrastructure development ordain provide trend to the healthy growth in bring, protecting the bottomline of cement companies to an extent. The decline in the CST and in freight rates on diesel and limestone provide be marginally positive for some companies.FDI Liberalization to Augment Industry harvest-feast new amendments by the government have made accessibility to the required capital much easier. Opening of FDI in construction and allowing developers to raise capital in internationalistic marts has led to developments of massiver objectifys benchmarked against international standardREITs to positively Affect Real Estate BusinessThe proposed introduction of REMF (Real Estate Mutual Fund) and REIT (Real terra firma of the realm Investment Trust) will boost real estate investments from the small investors range of glance. This will allow small investors to enter real estate market with contribution as less(prenominal) than Rs 10,000. The concept of REIT is on the verge of enteringIndia and would be structured as a compevery dedicated to admiting and in most cases operating income producing real estate such as apartments, shopping centers, offices wareho practices. ECONOMIC FACTORSGrowth in Construction Activity Stimulating GDP GrowthIndia is witnessing tremendous growth expansion of construction activities and construction is tumidst component of GDP. It has been growing at a rate over 10% in the past few years when GDP growth is around 8%.Within construction sectors such as itinerarys, railways, hold and force-out have been keen drivers.Rate Hikes Unlikely To Slow Down GrowthIt has been learnd that residential prices have increased by about 15- 20% on fair in the last one year. There has been strong growth in demand supported by rising disposable incomes, low interest rates, and fiscal incentives on both interest and pri ncipal payments and increasing urbanization. SOCIAL FACTORSShifting spending Pattern to Fuel Industry GrowthThe uptake pattern of Indian households is undergoing a gradual, but steady limiting. The share of food and beverages, which use to constitute almost 50% of household spend until 2003 is expected to befall to 45% by FY08. We expect the share of discretionary items to consistently rise given the rising affordability and changing aspiration levels. Increased exposure to western lifestyles (through media as well as overseas travels) has altered the consumption pattern of Indian people.Rising Urbanization to bring up Industrial GrowthUrban infrastructure consists of imbibing water, sanitation, sewage systems, electricity and gas distribution, urban transport, primary health services, and environmental regularization. Many of these services are in the nature of local public goods with the benefits from change urban infrastructure. The urban population in India will grow by 85 million over the next 10 years.Green buildings in IndiaThe chiliad building operation has gained tremendous momentum during 3 to 4 years, ever since the Green Business magnetic core embarked on achieving the prestigious LEED rating for their own message at Hyderabad. The Platinum rating for green building has sensitized the stakeholders of construction industry. There is tremendous potency for construction of green buildings in India. The estimated market potential for green building will be about $ 400 million in 2010.There will be favorable policies of the government would provide the right impetus for advancing the green building movement in India. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORSLow Technology Adoption to handicap GrowthThe pathetic state of technology pick out by the construction sector adversely affects its performance. Upgrading of technology is required both in the manufacturing of construction solid and in construction activities. As a large number of construction materi als are manufactured in the unorganized sector, effective monitoring and regulation of the exertion of these materials to ensure proper quality becomes difficult. Use of inferior technology in the construction sector leads to low value addition and low productivity, apart from poor or substandard quality of construction and quantify overruns in projects. The non-availability of quality construction tools is the main reason for this. Besides, the construction sector also lacks information about new technology.Construction as per Indian RequirementsThe construction needs to be done as per Indian standards and requirements which will demand considerable changes form the international requirements. The infrastructure requirements of India are much unalike as the population spread, increasing urbanization, increasing slums, the small space for tracks, the water problems are more. desexualize-Mix-Concrete Being Experimented WithThe Ready commixture concrete business in India is in i ts infancy. For example, 70% of cement produced in a developed country like Japan is used by Ready Mix concrete business there. Here in India, Ready Mix concrete business uses around 2% of total cement production.Much of construction done in India is very slow paced. The concrete making process at site takes much time with variation in quality. The increasing use of ready mix not only saves on time but allows the better quality. It will also pass away the storage space at site, eliminate Procurement / Hiring of visualizet and machinery, reduce wastages of basic material, illegitimate enterprise and dust at site will be reduced. Also organization at site will be streamlined. This will improve the rate at which infrastructure can be built in India.ABOUT THECOMPANYLanco is one of the fastest growing incorporate Infrastructure Enterprises of India, operating crossways a synergetic chain of Strategic Business Units (SBUs) comprising Power, EPC, Construction, Renewable, Resources, N on-Power Infrastructure, Property development and CSR.Lanco Infratech Ltds current market capitalization is approximately Rs. 15,000 Crores (USD 3.33 billion). out of the total Share Capital, the promoters holding is about 68 %. The gross revenue of Lanco as on March 2010 was over Rs. 8200 Crores (USD 1.8 billion).Lanco is fast emerging as one of the top lead private sector billet developers in India with 2092 MW under operation, 7153 MW under construction, and 11070 MW of projects under development.In a strategic move that provides increased can security for its current power generating assets and its future power portfolio expansions, Lanco through its step down Australian subsidiary, Lanco Resources Australia, has acquired Griffin Coal Mining Company and Carpenter exploit Management. Griffin coal, mingyd out of Collie in westbound Australia, owns the largest operational thermal coal mines in Western Australia, producing over 4 mtpa of coal which can be ramped up to over 15 mtpa in the near(a) term, post development of evacuation infrastructure.Lanco has strategic global partnerships with top-notch companies which include Genting, Harbin, GE, Dongfang, Doosan etc. Today, Lanco is one of Indias largest Power Traders in the private sector.A people driven organization, Lanco operates from 20 States in India and has international operations in Australia, China, Indonesia, Nepal, Singapore, United Kingdom and USA with a serviceman alternative base of about 6ergocalciferol people. Lanco has an say book of Rs 25,425 Crores as of September 2010. Lanco is also a privileged member to the World Economic Forum and it has been acknowledged as an elite member of the top two nose candy Global Growth Companies.As part of its business strategy, the company has chalked out an ambitious growth plan Lancos passel 2015 to build a High feat Organization with an operating capacity of 15000 MW in Power. Lanco also envisages aggressive growth plans for EPC with a strong Order book growth.VISION OF LANCOAn India without poverty, where the internationally agreed millenary development goals are met and people with dignity and respect, using their full potential to access the opportunities and exercise choices for their own development -a society that constantly moves to inspire people. committee OF LANCOTo work towards developing rural and urben communities in company to reduce poverty and contribute effectively towards reduction in loss of environment resources.To improve human development indices through projects and programs at the local, state and national level.Mission.Development of society through enterpreneurshipVision.Most admired integrated infrastructure enterpriseVALUES OF LANCOIntegrityWe choose to be honest in all our Business Interactions and Transactions and hold on steadfast even when challenged. We strive for consistency mingled with what we think, what we Say and what we do.Humility RespectWe are consistently humble in our app roach to and interactions with people. We treat every person with respect at all times, unconditionally.AWARDSEPC-World divides 2010for bully contribution in Power Energy sector (Generation).8 th Construction World- Annual Awards 2010for red-hot developing Construction Company (Large Category)- 1stRank7thConstruction World- Annual Awards 2009for speedy Growing Construction Company (Large Category)- 3rdRankAban Power Company LtdTERI corporal Award for Environmental rectitude and Corporate Social Responsibility June 2009.IKU IIIEEMA award for Excellence in Fast Track Commissioning of Small Hydro Projects February 2009PRSI Confers Golden Jubilee Awardfor the Most Impressive state-supported Relations Initiatives August 2008Clarion Power sight LtdFAPCCI Award for Excellence in Renewable Energy 2007.Construction World NICMAR Awards 2007for the Second Fastest Growing Construction Company (Medium Category) in India.LANCO Institute of planetary Humanitarian Trust (LIGHT)TERI Award 2006-07 for Excellence in Corporate Social Responsibility.PRSI National Award for star sign Journal (English) First PrizePRSI Confers Golden Jubilee Awardfor the Most Impressive Public Relations InitiativesAward for Excellence in Bridge Engineering 1999from the Indian Institute of Bridge Engineers.SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS habit and training opportunities in the field of construction.Private sector caparison boom and commercial building demands Construction of the multi building projects on the feasible locations in the country. undecomposed structured national network facilitates the boom of construction industry.Low cost well- educated and skilled grate force is now widely available across the country.Sufficient availability of raw material and natural resources in the country is supportive for the industry.Real estate development is on high and it is attracting the focus of the industry towards construction. WEAKNESSDistance among construction projects reduces business effici ency.Training itself has become a challenge.Changing skills requirements and an maturement workforce may emphasize the skills gap.Improvement in long-term career prospects is extremely required to encourage staff retention and new entrants.External apportioning of large contracts becomes difficult.Lack of clearly defined processes and procedures for construction and its management.Huge amount of money needs to be invested in this industry. OPPORTUNITIESContinuous private sector housing boom will create more construction opportunities.Public sector projects through Public Private Partnerships will bring further opportunities.Developing add up chain through involvement in large projects is likely to enhance the chances in construction.Renewable energy projects will offer opportunities to develop skills and capacity in new markets.More flexible training rake techniques are now available.Financial supports like loan and insurance and growth in income of people is in support of cons truction industry. THREATSLong term market instability and uncertainty may damage the opportunities and prevent the expansion of training and development facilities.Current frugal situation may have an adverse repair on construction industry.Political and security conditions in the region and Late legislative enforcement measures are constantly threats to any industry in India.Infrastructure resort is a challenging task in construction industry.Lack of political willingness and support on promoting new strategies.Natural abnormal casualties such as earthly concern quake and floods are uncertain and can prevent the construction boom.Inefficient accessibility in training and concerning the infrastructure.Competitors are emerging in the industry by leaps and bounds.METHODOLOGYTo Start with, the historical growth of vehicles is examined based on the job regards conducted in the past along the study corridor. Having examined the accuracy and reliability of information, we furth er probe the motor vehicle registration statistics at the state level to establish a relationship among the sparing variables and the registration data, as a legate for the merchandise growth.The relationship provides the elasticity values by vehicle oddball, which are then compared with the results of other studies of similar nature carried out in the recent past. The relative picture provides us the required validation and modification of the estimated elasticity values.Finally, based on the future economic growth prospects in terms of income growth, per capita growth and population growth are considered for estimating the future traffic growth rate by vehicle character. craft Studies are carried outTo obtain the knowledge of the type and great deal of traffic at present and to estimate future traffic that the passage is expected to carry.To determine the facilities provided on the roads such as traffic regulation and control, inter segmentations, so that improvement on the groundwork of traffic density may be carried out.To design the geometric boasts and pavement thickness on the basis of traffic surveys. affair survey and studies are done as a part of the study to assess the base year traffic pattern.Different traffic studies A nationwide 7 day traffic bulk count at bell shape plaza locations.Origin-destination (OD) survey at 2 suitable locations.A comprehensive 1 day number dental plate registration survey at gong plaza locations. citywide surveys between the alternate routes covering both active and future responsibilities.Calculation ofAverage insouciant traffic (ADT).Annual average day-by-day traffic (AADT) considering the seasonality variation.A comprehensive 7 day traffic volume count at toll plaza locationsThe main objective of classified traffic volume count was to access the traffic characteristics on project road section in terms of hourly variation, peak hour traffic, average day-to-day traffic, traffic report card and di rectional distribution. The survey was carried out by vehicle counting and classifying the vehicle passing the survey station. The counts were made separately for motorized and non motorized vehicles. In addition toll exempted vehicles i.e. government, ambulance, fire vehicles etc. were classified separately.Traffic Volume is the number of vehicles crossing a section of road per unit time at any selected period. The commonly used units are vehicles per day and vehicles per hour.The various modes available areManual methodsCombination of manual and mechanical methodAutomatic devicesMoving percipient devicesPhotographic methodsGenerally manual method is used. This method employs a field team to record traffic volume on the prescribed record sheets. In this method the fluctuations of traffic volume during the hours of the day and the casual variations are observed.Origin-destination (OD) survey at 2 suitable locationsOrigin and Destination survey for road section was obtained by car rying out by police assistance. selective information of origin and destination of the trip was calm in the survey a zoning system was order to analyze the origin destination data. Origin destination data was used to hear the zones that contribute to the traffic on the road.Growth of traffic on the road will depend upon the economic developments in the work on areas of the road.TheOrigin -Destination survey was carried out with the primary objective of studying the travel pattern of passenger and goods traffic along the study corridor.The results of this survey forms a useful introduce for estimating the growth rates for traffic projections, identification of toll plaza location and planning for toll prayer system.The various applications of OD survey may be summed up as followsTo locate expressway or major(ip) routes along the desire lines.To judge the adequacy of parking facilities and to plan for future.To locate intermediate dinero of public transport.To establish prefere ntial routes for various categories of vehicle including by pass.Methods for lift uping the OD survey dataRoad-side interview methodLicense plate methodReturn post card methodTag-on-car methodGenerally road-side interview method is used in which vehicles are stopped at previously contumacious interview stations by a group of persons with the help of police assistance and the answers to prescribed questionnaire are imperturbable on the spot.A comprehensive 1 day number plate registration survey at toll plaza locationsRegistration plate survey is carried out at all toll plaza locations to know that how much traffic is influenced by the local traffic. Because if the person is staying inside the radius of 20 kms from the toll plaza location then he has to pay only 50 percent of the toll tax according to the government policy.Comprehensive surveys between the alternate routesThe main objective of this survey is to analyze the alternative routes and leakage of traffic on the project ro ad because it will directly affect your toll revenue.Average daily traffic (ADT)Average daily trafficorADT is the average number ofvehiclestwo-way passing a specific point in a 24-hour period, normally deliberate throughout a year. ADT is not as highly referred to as the engineering standard ofAADTwhich is the standard measurement for vehicle traffic load on a section of road, and the basis for most decisions regardingtransport planning, or to the environmental hazards of pollution related to road transport.Annual average daily traffic (AADT)Annual average daily traffic or AADT is a measure used primarily intransportation planningandtransportation engineering. It is the total volume of vehicle traffic of ahighwayorroad for a year divided by 365 days. AADT is a useful and simple measurement of how busy the road is. It is also sometimes reported as average annual daily traffic. One of the most most-valuable uses of AADT is for determining funding for the maintenance and improvement of Highways. AADT is deliberate by multiplying Seasonal variation factor in ADT.Formula for calculating Annual average daily traffic (AADT) from ADT is as underAnnual average daily traffic (AADT) = Factor * Average daily trafficSeasonal Variation of traffic (correction factor)The lam of traffic on the road varies significantly during different months of the year. As monthly flow data is not available, petrol and diesel sales are quiet from petrol stations along the highway to organise the correction factor. This data is canvas compared to the month of ADT the annual average variation factor valuated to arrive at AADT from ADT as recorded.REASEARCH AND FINDINGSFor completion of the project Strategies involved in opting an infrastructure project (highway) through traffic study The aim of the project is to analyze and interpret the traffic study reports based on which highway projects are bid. Interpretation of the report is very critical as it helps in assessing the revenue gener ation for the entire yielding period, based on which a bid is made.In order to complete my project, I was asked to thoroughly analyze the report on Kota-Jhalawar road section on NH-12 and Aligarh-Kanpur road section on NH-91KOTA-JHALAWAR ROAD role ON NH-12TRAFFIC SURVEYSProposed number and locations of traffic survey stations have been set after token reconnaissance. The Traffic Engineer has trained the post-in-charges and monitors the training of surveyors by them. Survey and count sheets have been spot checked on a regular basis and data registered in the field office. Data to be collected from includesThe type of traffic surveys and the minimum number of survey stations were as under-CLASSIFIED flashiness COUNTThe classified traffic volume count surveys have been carried out for 7 days (continuous, direction-wise) at the selected survey stations indicated below. Keeping in view the vehicle miscellany system given in IRC codes (IRC 9 1972, IRC SP 19 2001) the following gen eralized classification system have been used in arrangement the classified volume count.Motorized Traffic Non-Motorized Traffic2-Wheeler Bi-Cycle3-Wheeler Cycle-RickshawPassenger Car Animal Drawn fomite (ADV)Utility Vehicle (Jeep, Van etc.) Hand embroilOther Non-Motorized VehicleBusLCVTruck MCV 2-Axle steady ChassisMCV 3-Axle Rigid ChassisMAV SemiArticulated(For Procedure of Traffic Analysis refer Annexure I )ORIGIN-DESTINATION SURVEYSWe have carried out O-D and Commodity Movement Surveys at locations given below in accordance with IRC 9-1972. The roadside interviews were on random sample basis as per TOR. The trip matrices were worked out for each vehicle type information on saddle for trucks was summed up by trade good type and the results tabulated, giving total weight and average weight per truck for the various commodity types. The sample size for each vehicle type was indicated on the table and also in the in writing(p) representations. The data derived from surveys ha s also been analyzed to bring out the lead and load characteristics and desire line diagrams.Three Locations identified for O-D surveys are as under- shape up Kebal Nagar Village(Both Direction) .265.000Near Devarighata (Both Direction) ..320.000Near Chandrabhaga river Toll Plaza..337+500TURNING MOVEMENT SURVEYSThe turning movement surveys for estimation of peak hour traffic for the design of major intersections were carried out for the Study. The details regarding composition and directional movement of traffic have been compiled.The methodology for the surveys was in accordance with IRC SP 41-1994.The data derived from the survey was used to analyze and to nominate requirements of suitable remedial measures, such as construction of underpasses, flyovers, interchanges, and grade-separated intersections along the project road alignment.Intersections with high traffic volume requiring special treatments either presently or in future were identified.Locations comprising major interse ctions have been identified during detail reconnaissance. Data for turning movement survey is vital in identifying the section for operation as toll road. Details are presented in Annexure to chapter 6. place Location of Turning Movement Count (TMC) stations are asSangod Kanwas Junction .291.000Chechat Rawat Bhata Road .304.600 railroad tie Road of SH 9A Ram Ganj Mandi 315.500Bagher Mandawar Junction .67+683Mandawar Teendhar Junction 346+539AXLE demoralize SURVEYSThe axle load surveys have been done using load cell. The axle load data was collected axle configuration-wise. The number of analogous standard axles per truck was calculated on the basis of results obtained. The results of the survey have been used for VDF. Furthermore, the data from axle load surveys was analyzed to bring out the Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) and Single Axle Load (SAL) Distributions by truck type (axle configuration).SPEED-DELAY SURVEYSAppropriate field studies such as moving car survey to determine t est speed and journey speed. The data was analyzed to identify sections with typical traffic flow problems and congestion. Recommendation was made for suitable measures for segregation of local traffic, smooth flow of through traffic and traffic safety. These measures have include the provision of bypasses, under-passes, flyovers, grade separated intersections and service roads. Speed delay survey was done for whole project highway.TRUCK TERMINAL SURVEYSThe data derived from the O-D, speed-delay, and other surveys was analyzed to assess requirements for present and future development of truck terminals at suitable locations en-route.ROAD INVENTORY SURVEYS particular road inventory surveys have been carried out to collect details of all existing road pavement features along the existing road sections. The data collected through road inventory surveys was sufficient to assume the requirements.The data are presented in the format given as Road Inventory Data tag (IRC-SP-19-2001).The headings are given below.Terrain (flat, rolling, mountainous)Land Use (agricultural, commercial, forest, residential etc) every kilometerName of VillageCarriageway width, surfacing type and condition every 500m and every change of feature whichever is earlierShoulder surfacing type and width and condition every 500m and every change of feature whichever is earlierHeight of embankment or understanding of cut every 200m and every change of feature whichever is earlier.SubmergenceDetails of cross roadThe data have been collected in sufficient detail, compiled presented in tabular form. The data have been stored in computing device files using utility packages, such as EXCEL etc.SUBGRADE CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTHThe testing of soils for classification mechanical characteristics has been as per terms of reference. Testing of three sub-grade soil samples for each design section or threeSWOT and PEST Analysis of Infrastructure ProjectSWOT and PEST Analysis of Infrastructure Project ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRY OUTLOOKIndian Construction Industry was almost similar to the construction industry evolution in other countries founded by Government and slowly taken over by enterprises. After independence the need for industrial and infrastructural developments in India laid the foundation stone of construction, architectural and engineering services.The objective of such an imposition was to develop local design capabilities parallel with the inflow of imported technology and skills. This measure encouraged international construction and consultancy organizations to set upjoint venturesand register their presence in India.In India Construction has accounted for around 40 per cent of the development investment during the past 50 years. Around 16 per cent of the nations working population depends on construction for its livelihood. The Indian construction industry employs over 3 crore people and creates assets worth over20,000 crore.Total sales of construction industry have reached 42,885.38 crores in 2004 05 from21,451.9 crores in 2000-01.The Indian construction industry comprises 200 firms in the corporate sector. In addition to these firms, there are about 1, 20,000 class A contractors registered with various government construction bodies. There are thousands of small contractors, which compete for small jobs or work as sub-contractors of prime or other contractors.PEST ANALYSIS POLITICAL FACTORSSEZ Act to Boost Infrastructural DevelopmentSEZ is the new destination for real estate investors. Currently 150 SEZs are approved out of which 85 SEZs are in the IT/ITES area and 10-15 SEZs in the electronics area.130 SEZs are developed by real estate developers which constituteof about 50% of the total SEZ area. IT SEZ should be developed and made operational within the period of six months from the date of notification. Thus, 130 approved SEZs would result in investment of US$10 bn to US$ 12 bn immediately.Cement Prices Reduced for State Infrastructure Pr ojectsThe continued thrust on infrastructure development will provide impetus to the healthy growth in demand, protecting the bottomline of cement companies to an extent. The reduction in the CST and in freight rates on diesel and limestone will be marginally positive for some companies.FDI Liberalization to Augment Industry GrowthRecent amendments by the government have made accessibility to the required capital much easier. Opening of FDI in construction and allowing developers to raise capital in international markets has led to developments of larger projects benchmarked against international standardREITs to Positively Affect Real Estate BusinessThe proposed introduction of REMF (Real Estate Mutual Fund) and REIT (Real estate Investment Trust) will boost real estate investments from the small investors point of view. This will allow small investors to enter real estate market with contribution as less than Rs 10,000. The concept of REIT is on the verge of enteringIndia and woul d be structured as a company dedicated to owning and in most cases operating income producing real estate such as apartments, shopping centers, offices warehouses. ECONOMIC FACTORSGrowth in Construction Activity Stimulating GDP GrowthIndia is witnessing tremendous growth expansion of construction activities and construction is largest component of GDP. It has been growing at a rate over 10% in the past few years when GDP growth is around 8%.Within construction sectors such as roads, railways, housing and power have been keen drivers.Rate Hikes Unlikely To Slow Down GrowthIt has been analyzed that residential prices have increased by about 15- 20% on average in the last one year. There has been strong growth in demand supported by rising disposable incomes, low interest rates, and fiscal incentives on both interest and principal payments and increasing urbanization. SOCIAL FACTORSShifting Consumption Pattern to Fuel Industry GrowthThe consumption pattern of Indian households is und ergoing a gradual, but steady change. The share of food and beverages, which used to constitute almost 50% of household spend until 2003 is expected to fall to 45% by FY08. We expect the share of discretionary items to consistently rise given the rising affordability and changing aspiration levels. Increased exposure to western lifestyles (through media as well as overseas travels) has altered the consumption pattern of Indian people.Rising Urbanization to Boost Industrial GrowthUrban infrastructure consists of drinking water, sanitation, sewage systems, electricity and gas distribution, urban transport, primary health services, and environmental regulation. Many of these services are in the nature of local public goods with the benefits from improved urban infrastructure. The urban population in India will grow by 85 million over the next 10 years.Green buildings in IndiaThe green building movement has gained tremendous momentum during 3 to 4 years, ever since the Green Business Ce ntre embarked on achieving the prestigious LEED rating for their own centre at Hyderabad. The Platinum rating for green building has sensitized the stakeholders of construction industry. There is tremendous potential for construction of green buildings in India. The estimated market potential for green building will be about $ 400 million in 2010.There will be favorable policies of the government would provide the right impetus for advancing the green building movement in India. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORSLow Technology Adoption to Hinder GrowthThe poor state of technology adopted by the construction sector adversely affects its performance. Upgrading of technology is required both in the manufacturing of construction material and in construction activities. As a large number of construction materials are manufactured in the unorganized sector, effective monitoring and regulation of the production of these materials to ensure proper quality becomes difficult. Use of low-grade technology i n the construction sector leads to low value addition and low productivity, apart from poor or substandard quality of construction and time overruns in projects. The non-availability of quality construction tools is the main reason for this. Besides, the construction sector also lacks information about new technology.Construction as per Indian RequirementsThe construction needs to be done as per Indian standards and requirements which will demand considerable changes form the international requirements. The infrastructure requirements of India are much different as the population spread, increasing urbanization, increasing slums, the small space for roads, the water problems are more.Ready-Mix-Concrete Being Experimented WithThe Ready mix concrete business in India is in its infancy. For example, 70% of cement produced in a developed country like Japan is used by Ready Mix concrete business there. Here in India, Ready Mix concrete business uses around 2% of total cement production.M uch of construction done in India is very slow paced. The concrete making process at site takes much time with variation in quality. The increasing use of ready mix not only saves on time but allows the better quality. It will also eliminate the storage space at site, eliminate Procurement / Hiring of plant and machinery, reduce wastages of basic material, noise and dust at site will be reduced. Also organization at site will be streamlined. This will improve the rate at which infrastructure can be built in India.ABOUT THECOMPANYLanco is one of the fastest growing Integrated Infrastructure Enterprises of India, operating across a synergistic chain of Strategic Business Units (SBUs) comprising Power, EPC, Construction, Renewable, Resources, Non-Power Infrastructure, Property development and CSR.Lanco Infratech Ltds current market capitalization is approximately Rs. 15,000 Crores (USD 3.33 billion). Out of the total Share Capital, the promoters holding is about 68 %. The gross revenue of Lanco as on March 2010 was over Rs. 8200 Crores (USD 1.8 billion).Lanco is fast emerging as one of the top three private sector power developers in India with 2092 MW under operation, 7153 MW under construction, and 11070 MW of projects under development.In a strategic move that provides increased fuel security for its current power generating assets and its future power portfolio expansions, Lanco through its step down Australian subsidiary, Lanco Resources Australia, has acquired Griffin Coal Mining Company and Carpenter Mine Management. Griffin coal, based out of Collie in Western Australia, owns the largest operational thermal coal mines in Western Australia, producing over 4 mtpa of coal which can be ramped up to over 15 mtpa in the near term, post development of evacuation infrastructure.Lanco has strategic global partnerships with top-notch companies which include Genting, Harbin, GE, Dongfang, Doosan etc. Today, Lanco is one of Indias largest Power Traders in the private sector.A people driven organization, Lanco operates from 20 States in India and has international operations in Australia, China, Indonesia, Nepal, Singapore, United Kingdom and USA with a human resource base of about 6500 people. Lanco has an Order book of Rs 25,425 Crores as of September 2010. Lanco is also a privileged member to the World Economic Forum and it has been acknowledged as an elite member of the top two hundred Global Growth Companies.As part of its business strategy, the company has chalked out an ambitious growth plan Lancos Vision 2015 to build a High Performance Organization with an operating capacity of 15000 MW in Power. Lanco also envisages aggressive growth plans for EPC with a strong Order book growth.VISION OF LANCOAn India without poverty, where the internationally agreed millennium development goals are met and people with dignity and respect, using their full potential to access the opportunities and exercise choices for their own development -a society that constantly moves to inspire people.MISSION OF LANCOTo work towards developing rural and urben communities in order to reduce poverty and contribute effectively towards reduction in loss of environment resources.To improve human development indices through projects and programs at the local, state and national level.Mission.Development of society through enterpreneurshipVision.Most admired integrated infrastructure enterpriseVALUES OF LANCOIntegrityWe choose to be honest in all our Business Interactions and Transactions and remain steadfast even when challenged. We strive for consistency between what we think, what we Say and what we do.Humility RespectWe are consistently humble in our approach to and interactions with people. We treat every person with respect at all times, unconditionally.AWARDSEPC-World Awards 2010for Outstanding contribution in Power Energy sector (Generation).8 th Construction World- Annual Awards 2010for Fastest Growing Construction Company (Large Cate gory)- 1stRank7thConstruction World- Annual Awards 2009for Fastest Growing Construction Company (Large Category)- 3rdRankAban Power Company LtdTERI Corporate Award for Environmental Excellence and Corporate Social Responsibility June 2009.IKU IIIEEMA award for Excellence in Fast Track Commissioning of Small Hydro Projects February 2009PRSI Confers Golden Jubilee Awardfor the Most Impressive Public Relations Initiatives August 2008Clarion Power Corporation LtdFAPCCI Award for Excellence in Renewable Energy 2007.Construction World NICMAR Awards 2007for the Second Fastest Growing Construction Company (Medium Category) in India.LANCO Institute of General Humanitarian Trust (LIGHT)TERI Award 2006-07 for Excellence in Corporate Social Responsibility.PRSI National Award for House Journal (English) First PrizePRSI Confers Golden Jubilee Awardfor the Most Impressive Public Relations InitiativesAward for Excellence in Bridge Engineering 1999from the Indian Institute of Bridge Engineers.SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHSEmployment and training opportunities in the field of construction.Private sector housing boom and commercial building demands Construction of the multi building projects on the feasible locations in the country.Good structured national network facilitates the boom of construction industry.Low cost well- educated and skilled labour force is now widely available across the country.Sufficient availability of raw material and natural resources in the country is supportive for the industry.Real estate development is on high and it is attracting the focus of the industry towards construction. WEAKNESSDistance between construction projects reduces business efficiency.Training itself has become a challenge.Changing skills requirements and an ageing workforce may emphasize the skills gap.Improvement in long-term career prospects is highly required to encourage staff retention and new entrants.External allocation of large contracts becomes difficult.Lack of clearly defined processes and procedures for construction and its management.Huge amount of money needs to be invested in this industry. OPPORTUNITIESContinuous private sector housing boom will create more construction opportunities.Public sector projects through Public Private Partnerships will bring further opportunities.Developing supply chain through involvement in large projects is likely to enhance the chances in construction.Renewable energy projects will offer opportunities to develop skills and capacity in new markets.More flexible training delivery techniques are now available.Financial supports like loan and insurance and growth in income of people is in support of construction industry. THREATSLong term market instability and uncertainty may damage the opportunities and prevent the expansion of training and development facilities.Current economic situation may have an adverse impact on construction industry.Political and security conditions in the region and Late legislative enforcement measures are always threats to any industry in India.Infrastructure safety is a challenging task in construction industry.Lack of political willingness and support on promoting new strategies.Natural abnormal casualties such as earth quake and floods are uncertain and can prevent the construction boom.Inefficient accessibility in planning and concerning the infrastructure.Competitors are emerging in the industry by leaps and bounds.METHODOLOGYTo Start with, the historical growth of vehicles is examined based on the traffic surveys conducted in the past along the study corridor. Having examined the accuracy and reliability of data, we further analyze the motor vehicle registration statistics at the state level to establish a relationship between the economic variables and the registration data, as a proxy for the traffic growth.The relationship provides the elasticity values by vehicle type, which are then compared with the results of other studies of similar nature carried out in t he recent past. The comparative picture provides us the required validation and modification of the estimated elasticity values.Finally, based on the future economic growth prospects in terms of income growth, per capita growth and population growth are considered for estimating the future traffic growth rate by vehicle type.Traffic Studies are carried outTo obtain the knowledge of the type and volume of traffic at present and to estimate future traffic that the road is expected to carry.To determine the facilities provided on the roads such as traffic regulation and control, intersections, so that improvement on the basis of traffic density may be carried out.To design the geometric features and pavement thickness on the basis of traffic surveys.Traffic survey and studies are done as a part of the study to assess the base year traffic pattern.Different traffic studies A comprehensive 7 day traffic volume count at toll plaza locations.Origin-destination (OD) survey at 2 suitable loc ations.A comprehensive 1 day number plate registration survey at toll plaza locations.Comprehensive surveys between the alternate routes covering both existing and future responsibilities.Calculation ofAverage daily traffic (ADT).Annual average daily traffic (AADT) considering the seasonality variation.A comprehensive 7 day traffic volume count at toll plaza locationsThe main objective of classified traffic volume count was to access the traffic characteristics on project road section in terms of hourly variation, peak hour traffic, average daily traffic, traffic composition and directional distribution. The survey was carried out by vehicle counting and classifying the vehicle passing the survey station. The counts were made separately for motorized and non motorized vehicles. In addition toll exempted vehicles i.e. government, ambulance, fire vehicles etc. were classified separately.Traffic Volume is the number of vehicles crossing a section of road per unit time at any selected p eriod. The commonly used units are vehicles per day and vehicles per hour.The various methods available areManual methodsCombination of manual and mechanical methodAutomatic devicesMoving observer devicesPhotographic methodsGenerally manual method is used. This method employs a field team to record traffic volume on the prescribed record sheets. In this method the fluctuations of traffic volume during the hours of the day and the daily variations are observed.Origin-destination (OD) survey at 2 suitable locationsOrigin and Destination survey for road section was obtained by carrying out by police assistance. Data of origin and destination of the trip was collected in the survey a zoning system was order to analyze the origin destination data. Origin destination data was used to identify the zones that contribute to the traffic on the road.Growth of traffic on the road will depend upon the economic developments in the influence areas of the road.TheOrigin -Destination survey was carr ied out with the primary objective of studying the travel pattern of passenger and goods traffic along the study corridor.The results of this survey forms a useful input for estimating the growth rates for traffic projections, identification of toll plaza location and planning for toll collection system.The various applications of OD survey may be summed up as followsTo locate expressway or major routes along the desire lines.To judge the adequacy of parking facilities and to plan for future.To locate intermediate stops of public transport.To establish preferential routes for various categories of vehicle including by pass.Methods for collecting the OD survey dataRoad-side interview methodLicense plate methodReturn post card methodTag-on-car methodGenerally road-side interview method is used in which vehicles are stopped at previously decided interview stations by a group of persons with the help of police assistance and the answers to prescribed questionnaire are collected on the s pot.A comprehensive 1 day number plate registration survey at toll plaza locationsRegistration plate survey is carried out at all toll plaza locations to know that how much traffic is influenced by the local traffic. Because if the person is staying inside the radius of 20 kms from the toll plaza location then he has to pay only 50 percent of the toll tax according to the government policy.Comprehensive surveys between the alternate routesThe main objective of this survey is to analyze the alternative routes and leakage of traffic on the project road because it will directly affect your toll revenue.Average daily traffic (ADT)Average daily trafficorADT is the average number ofvehiclestwo-way passing a specific point in a 24-hour period, normally measured throughout a year. ADT is not as highly referred to as the engineering standard ofAADTwhich is the standard measurement for vehicle traffic load on a section of road, and the basis for most decisions regardingtransport planning, or to the environmental hazards of pollution related to road transport.Annual average daily traffic (AADT)Annual average daily traffic or AADT is a measure used primarily intransportation planningandtransportation engineering. It is the total volume of vehicle traffic of ahighwayorroad for a year divided by 365 days. AADT is a useful and simple measurement of how busy the road is. It is also sometimes reported as average annual daily traffic. One of the most important uses of AADT is for determining funding for the maintenance and improvement of Highways. AADT is calculated by multiplying Seasonal variation factor in ADT.Formula for calculating Annual average daily traffic (AADT) from ADT is as underAnnual average daily traffic (AADT) = Factor * Average daily trafficSeasonal Variation of traffic (correction factor)The flow of traffic on the road varies significantly during different months of the year. As monthly flow data is not available, petrol and diesel sales are collected from pe trol stations along the highway to calculate the correction factor. This data is analyzed compared to the month of ADT the annual average variation factor valuated to arrive at AADT from ADT as recorded.REASEARCH AND FINDINGSFor completion of the project Strategies involved in opting an infrastructure project (highway) through traffic study The aim of the project is to analyze and interpret the traffic study reports based on which highway projects are bid. Interpretation of the report is very critical as it helps in assessing the revenue generation for the entire concession period, based on which a bid is made.In order to complete my project, I was asked to thoroughly analyze the report on Kota-Jhalawar road section on NH-12 and Aligarh-Kanpur road section on NH-91KOTA-JHALAWAR ROAD SECTION ON NH-12TRAFFIC SURVEYSProposed number and locations of traffic survey stations have been identified after detail reconnaissance. The Traffic Engineer has trained the post-in-charges and monitors the training of surveyors by them. Survey and count sheets have been spot checked on a regular basis and data registered in the field office. Data to be collected from includesThe type of traffic surveys and the minimum number of survey stations were as under-CLASSIFIED VOLUME COUNTThe classified traffic volume count surveys have been carried out for 7 days (continuous, direction-wise) at the selected survey stations indicated below. Keeping in view the vehicle classification system given in IRC codes (IRC 9 1972, IRC SP 19 2001) the following generalized classification system have been used in recording the classified volume count.Motorized Traffic Non-Motorized Traffic2-Wheeler Bi-Cycle3-Wheeler Cycle-RickshawPassenger Car Animal Drawn Vehicle (ADV)Utility Vehicle (Jeep, Van etc.) Hand CartOther Non-Motorized VehicleBusLCVTruck MCV 2-Axle Rigid ChassisMCV 3-Axle Rigid ChassisMAV SemiArticulated(For Procedure of Traffic Analysis refer Annexure I )ORIGIN-DESTINATION SURVEYSWe hav e carried out O-D and Commodity Movement Surveys at locations given below in accordance with IRC 9-1972. The roadside interviews were on random sample basis as per TOR. The trip matrices were worked out for each vehicle type information on weight for trucks was summed up by commodity type and the results tabulated, giving total weight and average weight per truck for the various commodity types. The sample size for each vehicle type was indicated on the table and also in the graphical representations. The data derived from surveys has also been analyzed to bring out the lead and load characteristics and desire line diagrams.Three Locations identified for O-D surveys are as under-Near Kebal Nagar Village(Both Direction) .265.000Near Devarighata (Both Direction) ..320.000Near Chandrabhaga river Toll Plaza..337+500TURNING MOVEMENT SURVEYSThe turning movement surveys for estimation of peak hour traffic for the design of major intersections were carried out for the Study. The details reg arding composition and directional movement of traffic have been compiled.The methodology for the surveys was in accordance with IRC SP 41-1994.The data derived from the survey was used to analyze and to identify requirements of suitable remedial measures, such as construction of underpasses, flyovers, interchanges, and grade-separated intersections along the project road alignment.Intersections with high traffic volume requiring special treatments either presently or in future were identified.Locations comprising major intersections have been identified during detail reconnaissance. Data for turning movement survey is vital in identifying the section for operation as toll road. Details are presented in Annexure to chapter 6.Identified Location of Turning Movement Count (TMC) stations are asSangod Kanwas Junction .291.000Chechat Rawat Bhata Road .304.600Link Road of SH 9A Ram Ganj Mandi 315.500Bagher Mandawar Junction .67+683Mandawar Teendhar Junction 346+539AXLE LOAD SURVEYSThe axle load surveys have been done using load cell. The axle load data was collected axle configuration-wise. The number of equivalent standard axles per truck was calculated on the basis of results obtained. The results of the survey have been used for VDF. Furthermore, the data from axle load surveys was analyzed to bring out the Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) and Single Axle Load (SAL) Distributions by truck type (axle configuration).SPEED-DELAY SURVEYSAppropriate field studies such as moving car survey to determine running speed and journey speed. The data was analyzed to identify sections with typical traffic flow problems and congestion. Recommendation was made for suitable measures for segregation of local traffic, smooth flow of through traffic and traffic safety. These measures have included the provision of bypasses, under-passes, flyovers, grade separated intersections and service roads. Speed delay survey was done for whole project highway.TRUCK TERMINAL SURVEYSThe data derive d from the O-D, speed-delay, and other surveys was analyzed to assess requirements for present and future development of truck terminals at suitable locations en-route.ROAD INVENTORY SURVEYSDetailed road inventory surveys have been carried out to collect details of all existing road pavement features along the existing road sections. The data collected through road inventory surveys was sufficient to meet the requirements.The data are presented in the format given as Road Inventory Data Sheet (IRC-SP-19-2001).The headings are given below.Terrain (flat, rolling, mountainous)Land Use (agricultural, commercial, forest, residential etc) every kilometerName of VillageCarriageway width, surfacing type and condition every 500m and every change of feature whichever is earlierShoulder surfacing type and width and condition every 500m and every change of feature whichever is earlierHeight of embankment or depth of cut every 200m and every change of feature whichever is earlier.Submergenc eDetails of cross roadThe data have been collected in sufficient detail, compiled presented in tabular form. The data have been stored in computer files using utility packages, such as EXCEL etc.SUBGRADE CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTHThe testing of soils for classification mechanical characteristics has been as per terms of reference. Testing of three sub-grade soil samples for each design section or three